Friday Notes

EMR/EHR: Electronic Medical/Health Records
-nurse takes information, charts it. All this has been moved to the computer. Easier to locate patterns, access information. Doctor's handwriting messy, technicians get confused, mess up drug prescriptions, lab results, etc.
CCD: Continuity Care Document: medical records to be transported

Review Questions 2-6

2- Bitmapped graphics are maps showing how the pixels on the screen should be represented. Object-oriented graphics store pictures as a collection of lines and shapes as opposed to a collection of dots. The disadvantages of bitmapped images is that the bit depth limits an artist's ability to create images.

3- The bit depth and resolution limit the realism of a bitmapped image. Realistic color graphics need more memory. They require hardware that can display millions of color at one time. Also, some computers can not display every pixel at high resolutions.

4-Digital image processing edit images. Digitial photos are bitmapped images. Digital image processing software manipulate these images.

5- 3-D modeling and CAD software can be used by graphic designers to create 3D objects. They can be rotated, stretched, and combined with other objects to create complex 3D scenes. These scenes can then be navigated around, to view it from different angles. This is used in animated movies like Finding Nemo. CAD allows engineers to design products.

6-Image compression is an important part of digital video technology because digital data can take up a lot of storage space. Compression allows the data to be stored in a smaller space with slight loss in quality.

notes ch 5

paperless publishing
Pdf- portable document format, lets all document types be edited, moved and etc. on any system
copyright protection: posting on the web are available for anyone to read or copy and claim as their own
ebook: a handheld device that contains all kinds of written material like newspapers and books
epaper: a flexible, portable, paper-like material that displays black and white text and images on its surface, can erase itself and show new material as readers "turn" the page
spreadsheet software enables to the user to control numbers, spreadsheet programs siplify calulations
worksheet: spreadsheet doc that appears on screen with grids of numbered rows and lettered columns
each box that is an intersection of row and column is called a cell
values: raw material spreadsheet software uses to perfurm calculations
functions are set calculations
macros are custom-designed procedure programs that automates tasks in application
auto recalculation changes all data related to a change
templates:ready to use worksheet layouts
automatic links: when something changes, all linked worksheets update automatically
pie charts: show relative proportions of parts to the whole
line charts: show trends over time
bar charts: like line graphs, better for when data falls into more categoreies
scatter charts: used to discover a relationship between two variables
guidelines to prevent errors:
-plan worksheet before you enter values and fomulas
- make assumptions as accurate as possible
- double-check everything
-make formula readavble
- take advantage of programmed functions and templates

most businesses use accounting and financial management software instead of spreadsheets
mathematics-processing software: for those whose math needs go beyond capabilities of basic spreadsheets. include interactive wizard
statistics: the science of collecting and analyzing data
statistical sofware helps answer questions
scientific visualization software: uses shape, location in space, color, brightness and motion to help understand relationships that are invisible to us.
modeling: the use of computers to create abstract models of objects, organisms, organizations, and process that can be done with spreadsheets, mathematical applications or standard programming languages
abstraction: a set of concepts and ideas
feedback loop: the user and computer responding to data from each other
Desktop publishing: producing a book magazine or any other publication
source docs:use standard word processors and graphics programs to produce these documents
template: professionally designed empty page
DTP can be used by all kinds of people, both big business and regular people
Computer simulation and visualization
can come in forms such as numerical data or graphical representation
the human body was cut up, photographed, digitized and put together
a computer can be used as a visual lab that simulates physical process without any hands-on, real-world experiments
computer modeling- the use of computers to create abstract models of objects, organisms, organizations and processes
abstraction: a set of concepts and ideas designed to mimic some kind of system

Key Terms

1. WYSIWYG: short for "what you see is what you get". Basically, in a word processor, words appear on the screen almost exactly as they will appear on a printed page.
2. Justification: the alignment of text on a line
3. Headers: a block that appears at the top of every page in a document, displaying repetitive information like a chapter title.
4. Footers: block of information that appears on the bottom of every page in a document, displaying repetitive information such as an automatically calculated page number
5. Stylesheets: custom styles for each of the common elements in a document
6. Automatic Footnoting: a word processing feature that places footnotes where they belong on the page
7. Automatic Hyphenation: a word-processing feature that divides long words that fall at the end of lines
8. Automatic Formatting: (autoformat): a word processing feature that applies formatting to the text
9. Automatic Correction (autocorrect): a word processing feature that catches and corrects common typing errors
10. wizards: a software help agent that walks the user through a complex process
11. HTML: an HTML document is a text file that includes codes that describe the format, layout, and logical structure of a hypermedia document.
12. Outliners: software that facilitates the arrangement of information into hierarchies or levels of ideas. some word processors include outline views that serve the same function of separate outliners.
13. Outline View: the outliner option built into Microsoft Word, which enables the user to examine and restructure the overall organization of a document, while showing each topic in as much detail as you need.
14. Thesaurus: a synonym finder; often included with a word processor
15. Spelling Checker: a built-in component of a word-processor or a separate program that compares words in a document with words in a disk-based dictionary, and flags words not in the dictionary. may operate in batch mode, checking all the words at once, or interactive mode, checking one word at a time.
16. Grammar and Style Checker: component of a word-processing software that analyzes each word in context, checking for content errors, common grammatical errors, and stylistic problems
17. Mail merge: a feature of a word processor or other program that enables it to merge names and addresses from a database mailing list into personalized form letters and mailings.
18. Groupware: softare designed to be used by work groups rather than individuals
19. Speech-recognition software: the identification of spoken words and sentences by a computer, making it possible for voice input to be converted into text files.
20. Desktop Publishing (DTP): software used mainly to produce print publications.
21. Source documents: in DTP, the articles, chapters, maps, drawings, charts, and photographs that are to appear in the publication
22. page-layout software: in desktop publishing, software used to combine various source documents into a coherent, visually pleasing publication
23. kerning: the spacing between letter pairs in a document
24. leading: the spacing between lines of text
25. templates: in DTP, professionally designed empty documents that can be adapted to specific user needs.
26. spot color: the relatively easy use of a single color (or sometimes two) to add interest to a DTP product
27. full-color: a desktop-published document that uses a wide range of color
28. camera-ready: typeset quality pages, ready to be photographed and printed
29. Portable document format (PDF): allows documents of all types to be stored, viewed, or modified on any Windows or Mactinosh computer, making it possible for many organizations to reduce paper flow
30. electronic book: a handheld device that displays digital representations of the contents of books
31. electronic paper: a flexible, portable, paper-like display
32. spreadsheet software: enables the users to control numbers, manipulating them in various ways. this software can manage budgeting, investment management, business projections, grade books, scientific simulations, checkbooks, financial planning and speculation, and other tasks involving numbers
33. worksheet: a spreadsheet document that appears on the screen as a grid of numbered rows and columns
34. columns: along with rows, comprise the grid of a spreadsheet
35. cell: the intersection of a row and column on the grid of a spreadsheet
36. address: in a spreadsheet, the location of a cell, determined by row number and column number
37. value: the numbers that are the raw material used by spreadsheet software to perform calculations
38. labels: in a spreadsheet, a text entry that provides information on what a column or row represents.
39. formula: step-by-step procedure for calculating a number on a spreadsheet
40. replication: automatic replication of values, labels and formulas, a feature of spreadsheet software
41. automatic recalculation: a spreadsheet capability that allows for easy correction of errors and makes it easy to try out different values while searching for solutions
42. functions: a predefined set of calculations such as SUM and AVERAGE in spreadsheet software
43. macros: custom-designed, embedded procedure program that automates tasks in application programs
44. automatic links: a link between worksheets in a spreadsheet that ensures a change in one worksheet is reflected in another
45. equation solver: a feature of some spreadsheet programs that determines data values
46. pie charts: a round, pie-shaped chart that show the relative proportions of the parts to the whole
47. modeling: the use of computers to create abstract models of objects, organisms, organizations, and processes
48. abstraction: a set of concepts and ideas designed to mimic some kind of system
49. scientific visualization software: uses shape, color, location in space, brightness and motion to help understand relationships that are invisible to us. can come in forms of numerical data or graphical representations.
50. statistics: the science of collecting and analyzing data

Monday Lecture notes

Reliability:
-no errors
-does what its supposed to do
-no "bugs", bug-free. bugs=errors
-performs the way we expect it to

Integrity:
-when a virus is introduced into a software, the software does what the virus wants it to do, not what its supposed to do.
-denial of service: a device has a limitation that caters to a certain amount of people. if the request for the service suddenly increases, the sevice will break. DoS is a program that accesses web servers many times per second and makes the server shut down,

Security:
-authentications--usernames and passwords
-boxes with letters to prevent DoS attacks
-installing anti-viruses and firewalls (DeMilitarizationZone), encryption
-data in flight-is traveling, out of firewalls/protection etc., data at rest-within firewall, data center, protection
-HTTPS means it is secure

Key terms

1. information: anything that can be communicated
2. data: information in a form that can be read, used, and manipulated through a computer
3. database: a collection of organized information stored in an organized form on a computer
4. distributed database: data strewn out across networks on different computers
5. relational database: a program that allows files to be related to each other so changes in one file are reflected in other files automatically
6. object-oriented database: instead of storing records in tables, stores software objects that contain procedures (or instructions) with data
7. object: in object-oriented databases, a data structure defined according to its class
8. centralized database: a database housed in a mainframe computer, accessible only to information-processing personnel
9. database management system (DBMS): a program or system of programs that can manipulate data in a large collection of files (the database), cross-referencing between files as needed.
10. database program: a software tool for organizing the storage and retrieval of the information in a database
11. database server: a powerful computer for holding and managing an interactive, multi-user databse
12. export data: transmitting records and fields from a database program to another program
13. dirty data: data records with spelling mistakes, incorrect or obsolete values, or other errors
14. data scrubbing/cleansing: the process of going through a database and eliminating records that contain errors.
15. data mining: the discovery and extraction of hidden predictive information from large databases
16. data translation software: software that enables users of different systems with incompatible file formats to read and modify each other's files
17. data warehouse: an integrated collection of corporate data stored in one location
18. data warehousing: software used to create and maintain large databases
19. field: each discrete chunk of information in a database record
20. field type: the characteristic of a field that determines the kind of information that can be stored in that field
21. date field: a field containing only dates
22. numeric field: a field containing only dates
23. computed field: in a database, the field containing formulas similar to spreadsheet formulas; they display values calculated from values in other numeric fields
24. key field: a field that contains data that uniquely identifies the record
25. list view: showing data by displaying several records in lists similar to a spreadsheet
26. form view: a view of the database that shows one record at a time
27. record: in a database, the information relating to one person, product, or event
28. search: looking for a specific record
29. file: an organized collection of related information stored in a computer readable form
30. file manager: a program that enables users to manipulate files on their computers
31. query: an information request
32. query language: a special language for performing queries, more precise than the English language.
33. stored query: a commonly used query recorded by a database so it can be accessed quickly in the future.
34. structured query language (SQL): a query language available for many different database management systems. More than a query language, SQL also accesses databases from a wide variety of vendors.
35. sort: arrange records in alphabetic or numeric order based on values in one or more fields
36. report: a database printout that is an ordered list of selected records and fields in an easy-to-read form
37. record matching: compiling profiles by combining information from different database files by looking for a shared unique field
38. select (records): looking for all files that match a set of criteria
39. personal information manager (PIM): a specialized database program that automates an address/phone book, an appointment calendar, to-do lists, and miscellaneous notes
40. privacy: freedom from unauthorized access to one's person, or information about one's person
41. identity theft: the crime, committed by hackers and other unscrupulous individuals, of obtaining enough information about a person to assume his or her identity, often as a prelude to illegally using the victim's credit cards
42. batch processing: accumulating transaction and feeding them into a computer in large batches
43. baud rate: a speed of data transmission; not necessarily equivalent to bits per minute, the preferred measurement for high-speed modems
44. data transfer rates: the speed at which a drive can read or write data
45. browse: the process of finding information in a database or other data source
46. class: in an object-oriented database, the data contained in the object as well as the kinds of operations that may be performed on the data
47. client/server: client programs in desktop computers send information requests through a network to server databases on mainframes, minicomputers, and desktop computers; the servers process queries and send the requested data back to the client
48. Code of Fair Information Practices: called for a ban on secret government databases, citizen access to personal information kept in government databases, and agency responsibility for database reliability and security
49. geographical information system: combines tables of data with demographic information and displays geographical and demographic data on maps
50. interactive processing: interacting with data through terminals, viewing and changing values online in real time
51. real time: when a computer performs tasks immediately

Databases Review

1- Define RDBMS:
RDBMS is relational database management system. It is data that is stored in several linked databases.

2-Identify 3 tables that could be part of a doctor's office patient relational database.
Three tables that could be part of this database would be the patient's medical record number, lab test results, and his name.

3-Searching the database to find specific information is called a _query_.

4- Why are we concerned about electonic databases?
There are several concerns with electronic databases, specifically the information being used improperly or getting into the wrong hands. Their is always the worry that the information may be incorrect, or that it is not securely stored.

5- Explain 3 different types of S/E issues related to online databases.
Some S/E issues related to online databases are security, control, and authenticity. Security: If security systems on the database are not adequate, then hackers can access private information such as SSNs or credit card numbers and cause harm with them. Control: if only certain people are allowed to access the information, they might use it for their own benefit, possible illegally as well. Authenticity: sometimes databases are not updated with accurate information. The address or phone number or whatever of a person can be wrong and they will miss out on products or services that should otherwise be given to them. Also, as there are many people with the same name, it can be easy to get them confused and mix their information.

6- What is something we need to protect electronic databases from? What can be used to protect them?
We need to protect databases from hackers. We can use security software and firewalls to protect the databases.

Information Privacy

Rights of individuals w respect to storage of personal data:
-problems with security of biometrics
-some say it protects against crime, some say it is a violation of our rights
-Act ensures that people's information is not being used without the consent of the person.
-gvmt was given access to private personal information under PATRIOT Act.
-protection laws in US are not that strong


Social Consequences of the release of sensitive data stored in databases
-being falsely accused of a crime
-sensitive data includes: SSN, credit card number/banking information, tax information, credit reports
-data stays on hard drive of computer, it can be easily recovered if you are not careful.

Ethical Issues related to Selling Data in Databases:
-databases are filled with information that is sold to all kinds of people
-issues of privacy and security
-personal data such as SSN, credit card numbers etc are stored. however, databases sell the information to companies.
-owners will not feel secure and fear identity theft.
-laws require protection for protection of information, and maintainance of accurate information

Paper Files vs. Electronic Files:
-electronic files are easier for searching for a file
-makes it easier to look at a file: with paper, only one person can look. with el files, many people can access them
-people can steal information from databases from anywhere.
-data is not really deleted unless you override the hard drive

Responsibility for the Security of Data Stored in Databases (from different perspectives):
-there are many many database breaches
-recognize the type of information being stolen, freeze the account
-software are bieng used to fight data theft, secure networks, safeguard database integrity
-be careful of the information you disclose to others

Social Consequences of Outdated or Incorrect Information in Databases:
-relational databases have similare field that contain all info about one perosn
-if the info is incorrect, you may not receive products or services that you should be receiving
-also, you can get the wrong services or products if it is confused with other people's information

Friday Notes

• Databases: files -> fields -> records
• Human basic needs and instincts haven’t changed
• Logic is not equal to thinking
• Thinking looks around the reality, analyzes the situation at hand. Logic is good in math, science, etc. but not in human interactions and religion
• A query pulls specific information from a table

Ch. 7 Review Questions 2-6

2- What is the difference between a file manager and a database-management system? How are they similar?
A file manager is a program that enables users to work with one file at a time. A database-management system is a program or system of programs that can manipulate data in a large collection of files. Both store files and make information easier to access, however, DBMS is better for large, complex jobs.


3- Describe the structure of a simple database. use the terms "file", "record", and "field" in your description.
A database is a collection of records, information related to a person, product or event. Each separate chunk of information in a record is called a field. A file is the entire collection of data stored on the computer.

4- What is a query? Give examples of the kinds of questions that might be answered with a query?
A query is a request for specific information. The query can be for a specific record, like a recipe for banana bread, or it can be a search for all records that match a specific set of criterion, like all recipes for sweet breads.

5- What steps are involved in producing a standard multi-column business report from a database?
A business report would be composed of an ordered list of selected records and fields organized so they are easy to read and understand. They would include information as well as any calculations and numbers organized in columns and rows.

6- What are the advantages of personal information management software over paper notebook organizers? What are the disadvantages?
The advantages of using personal information management software (PIM) over notebook organizers are that PIM s are faster and easier to use for busy people. They work on portable computers and handheld devices. Also, pocket-sized devices can connect with PIM software on a PC or Mac. This way the device can stay up-to-date wherever the user is. On the downside, if the handheld device is lost or stolen, whoever has it can access all the information stored on the device. If the user is especially dependent on it, then he/she will be lost without it. Also, the information can be hacked if the user is using a Web-based PIM.